7. Constants

In QMU, every quantum unit is also a quantum constant. That is not a rhetorical flourish—it is the mechanical premise: the Universe is built from a small set of first-measurements that repeat identically everywhere. When the base measurements are fixed (electron mass, quantum length, quantum frequency, electrostatic charge geometry, magnetic charge geometry, and the Aether rotational unit), then “constants” are not ad hoc numbers; they are the inevitable ratios and products of that fixed measurement set.

This immediately explains why conservation laws have bite. If the quantum measurements were not stable, then angular momentum, charge geometry, resonance, and force would drift—making the Universe unreliable in the most literal sense. Conservation is not “imposed”; it is a consequence of the constancy of the quantum measurements that define how matter, fields, and the Aether environment are built.

Because the measurement set is universal, any interaction that is truly quantum is the same on Earth as in a distant quasar, in interstellar plasma, or in deep vacuum. The electron’s angular momentum is the same; so are the propagation conditions of Aether: the velocity constant, the permeability, the conductance, and the permittivity. This is the operational meaning of “constant”: identical structure, identical ledger, identical outcomes.

Once you accept that charge has geometry (spherical electrostatic charge versus steradian magnetic charge), many engineering questions turn into geometry questions. For example: if potential is defined as work per electron magnetic charge, and magnetic charge is a geometric object, then “increasing voltage” is not merely a matter of adding power—it is a matter of enforcing the geometry required for coherent charge alignment. In oscillatory systems such as Tesla coils, losses appear when electrons are forced into geometries that do not match their preferred mechanical paths. Those losses manifest as impedance and, ultimately, heat.

In a properly designed Tesla coil¹, electrons work in unison because the geometry supports a coherent transition between “current-favoring” and “potential-favoring” paths. Historical investigation of Nikola Tesla’s coil work (including the Wardenclyffe era) strongly suggests that Tesla converged on geometries that minimize geometric frustration in the electron paths: (i) a flat spiral primary combined with a tall solenoid secondary, (ii) a secondary shaped as an inverted tornado (as suggested by the adjacent schematic), or (iii) a conical secondary. In each case, the geometry encourages strong alignment for maximum current where it should be (flat spiral geometry) and strong alignment for maximum potential where it should be (tall solenoid geometry), improving oscillator efficiency without relying on brute-force power scaling.

Analyzing the Constants

Up to this point, quantum measurements have been discussed in terms of existence and dimensional structure. Here we pivot to the classical “constants” and re-read them as structured objects: each constant has a definite geometry and a definite ledger role imparted by the Aether. The aim is not merely to restate known relations, but to expose why certain combinations appear repeatedly across electromagnetism, quantum behavior, and gravitation.

A practical way to keep this section coherent is to treat each constant as: (1) a QMU expression, (2) a geometry, and (3) a ledger connector to other constants. When these three views agree, the constant stops being “a number” and becomes a mechanical invariant.

Magnetic Constant

In QMU, the Aether unit (often written as the magnetic constant in classical form) differs from Coulomb’s constant by geometry, not by “physical kind.” The Aether unit carries the rotational geometry of the Aether itself and therefore encodes the toroidal/loxodromic factor that does not appear in purely spherical electrostatics.

The key object here is the factor $16\pi^2$. It is simultaneously:

• Two orthogonal spheres: $(4\pi)\times(4\pi)$,
• Four toroids: $4\times(4\pi^2)$,
• Four circles scanning circles: $4\times(2\pi)\times(2\pi)$.

This is why, in the Aether Physics Model, “magnetism and electrostatics” are not two unrelated forces. They are the same Gforce acting through two different distributed geometries. The magnetic constant carries the rotational Aether geometry explicitly; Coulomb’s constant carries spherical charge geometry explicitly.

A compact ledger cross-check that will recur throughout the book is the Aether rotational self-identity: $A_u \cdot \mathrm{curl} = {F_q}^2 {\lambda_C}^2$. This identity is the cleanest way to see that Aether rotation, torsion, and propagation share a single invariant. If $F_q\lambda_C$ is recognized as the motion constant, then the identity anchors the propagation constant as a product of rotational and torsional geometries.

Coulomb’s Constant

From Coulomb’s constant, several other constants arise in familiar classical forms. One standard factorization is:

The QMU expression makes the geometry explicit:

The ratio $\dfrac{m_a}{{e_a}^2}$ is a universal mass-to-magnetic-charge ratio, and ${\lambda_C}^3 {F_q}^2$ is the volume–resonance (double-cardioid) term. The division by $16\pi^2$ is not cosmetic: it indicates that the Coulomb geometry is spherical in both surface area and solid angle, which is exactly why Coulomb’s law mediates spherical electrostatic charge.

Coulomb’s constant also appears directly in the force ledger:

The quantum unit $\mathrm{forc}$ is the canonical force unit in this ledger (SI cross-check omitted from main text; see footnote).² A subtle but important mechanical point follows: in Coulomb’s law, only one dimension of each distributed charge multiplies to determine the force, because two interacting charges are always orthogonal in their effective geometry. This is a clue about how charge interaction is mediated through the Aether substrate.

Writing Coulomb’s force law in a QMU-clarifying form:

The magnetic analog is even cleaner:

Comparing \(\eqref{forc2}\) and \(\eqref{forc3}\) is instructive: the electrostatic expression is a modification of the magnetic expression to accommodate the sphericity of electrostatic charge. This “sphericity correction” is not an anomaly—it is a recurring theme. The same kind of correction appears again at atomic and nuclear scales when a structure produces effective spherical symmetry.

Coulomb’s constant can also be expressed using the common force primitive, $\mathrm{Gforce}$ (SI cross-check omitted from main text; see footnote).³

A helpful physical picture is to treat $\mathrm{Gforce}$ as “pressure times area,” but with an important caveat: in ordinary mechanics (finger on table) the force originates in matter; in Coulomb interaction the force originates between charges as a manifest Aether surface. That surface exerts a push-apart or pull-together action. At the quantum level, the surface conforms to the particle’s curvature; at macroscales, the same action can be modeled as a plane between objects.

The “plane per strong charge” is the area per Aether magnetic charge, named stroke:

Then the constant decomposes cleanly:

With Coulomb’s constant, $16\pi^2$ divides $\mathrm{Gforce}$, producing spherical geometry. This strongly suggests that $\mathrm{Gforce}$ (like the Aether unit) carries double-loxodrome geometry, and Coulomb’s constant is the spherical projection of that deeper rotational/torsional primitive.

The magnetic constant similarly expresses as:

Constant Speed of Photons

What makes the speed of photons constant? In APM/QMU the answer is direct: the motion constant is the product of the quantum length and quantum frequency.

The smallest natural length multiplied by the highest natural frequency yields the fastest velocity associated with subatomic structure. Smaller effective lengths and higher effective frequencies can occur as interference phenomena, but those are composite outcomes, not the base measurement set.⁴

The crucial mechanical idea is that $c$ is not “the travel speed from one Aether unit to the next.” It is the rate at which a subatomic entity “spins through” an Aether unit. All stable subatomic particles participate in this Aether-defined motion because the Aether itself rotates with this invariant rate. Matter does not have to “leave” its Aether unit; instead, the rotating volume–resonance allows adjacent space units to move relative to each other, making motion possible while preserving quantum locality.

Two speculative-but-testable implications follow naturally in this framework:

• Geometry-assisted traversal: if a region of Aether fabric is strongly folded (by intense magnetic attraction), matter may traverse the folded region while never exceeding $c$ locally, yet achieve an “overall” traversal faster than $c$ relative to the unfolded baseline.
• Aether-unit modulation: if a signal couples directly to Aether units (rather than riding on particle transport), the $c$ limitation associated with particle spin-through may not apply. A candidate mechanism is a mechanically driven Aether disturbance (often described as “gravitational wave” behavior) excited by pulsed magnetic forcing. This converts “faster-than-photons” from metaphysics into an experimental question about coupling modes.

${c^2}$ Constant

Squaring the speed of photons does not produce “a faster speed.” It changes the dimensional meaning. In QMU, this is a feature: $c^2$ is not a velocity, it is the radiation/temperature frame constant—the invariant that describes an accelerating area scan.

First recall that multiplying velocity by frequency gives acceleration:

Multiplying velocity by length gives sweep:

Sweep is “area per time scanned by a line.” The line can be a broom edge, a circular ring expanding on a surface, or a rotating ray. With angular momentum, the line also carries a mass dimension: mass sweeping an area through the Aether spin-position is the mechanical signature of action.

Now write $c^2$ in QMU:

Here $\mathrm{temp}$ (also “rdtn” for radiation) is the unit of radiation/temperature. The phrase “accelerating area scan” is not metaphor; it is exactly what the dimensions say: a line sweeping area at an accelerating rate. When the line also carries mass (as in electron angular momentum), this is precisely the structure of work and energy.

This frame view can be made explicit:

At frame 1 the total scanned area is ${\lambda_C}^2$; at frame 2 it is $4{\lambda_C}^2$; and so on. The ratio of the scanned area to the full sphere surface remains constant and is naturally expressed through the steradian.

A steradian is a solid angle on a sphere. One steradian of a sphere’s surface area is $r^2$:

The steradian appears mechanically as a conical scanning region.

Steradian as a cone.

At subatomic scales, the most common manifestation is two opposing cones (a bi-cone), giving the “between two cones” steradian geometry.

Steradian is the area between two cones.

The dark region represents the steradian fraction of the full sphere. The full sphere has solid angle 1; the steradian patch has solid angle $\dfrac{1}{4\pi}$. This constant fraction is preserved across frames, which is why $c^2$ behaves as a radiation frame invariant.

In the idealized picture, each frame is a concentric cylinder (right). Empirically, for photon/electron geometry, the circular cylinder is replaced by a cardioid-shaped “cylinder,” shown below.

With this, $c^2$ becomes the radiation frame constant. The same style of analysis applies to any constant velocity in a medium: its square is a pressure-to-density ratio and therefore an energetic propagation invariant of that medium.

When the radiation frame constant is applied to the electron, it produces action. The electron quantifies by its angular momentum, $h$:

Interpreted mechanically: the electron’s mass continually scans an increasing area in successive frames—this is precisely what “work per frame” means in the QMU ledger.

Temperature then emerges as a collective phenomenon: outward radiation interacts with neighboring matter, reflects and exchanges, and the ensemble becomes a damped oscillation rather than a single outward burst.

The schematic illustrates a damped-wave picture associated with electron–positron pair emission from an atom. At high intensity, the emission separates into two complete particles moving oppositely; at lower intensity, the angular momentum is partitioned into a radiative component that continues to share Aether units (forming a 1-spin photon in a cardioid frame pattern) and a returning component that re-seeds the source for subsequent emission. Momentum exchange among atoms/molecules through photon traffic then produces bulk expansion—the experiential signature of temperature.

This view also clarifies a practical research direction: if the “sea of energy” is the continual work of subatomic particles, then usable extraction requires a load that couples directly to their aligned geometry. Crystalline alignment, rotating magnetic field structures, and controlled electron exchange paths are natural candidates. In other words: the key is not “more energy,” but “better geometric coupling.”

Orders of Motion

The QMU ledger supports a useful hierarchy of “orders of motion,” not as numerology, but as progressively higher intensity of action with increasing powers of $c$.

Momentum, energy, and light form a clean progression. The Aether introduces the next rung: fourth order motion appears in the magnetic constant and the gravitational constant.

Both are “fourth order per acceleration,” but they differ in what carries the mass role. In the magnetic constant, the magnetism factor $\mathrm{mchg}$ is mass-to-charge ratio with ordinary mass. In Newton’s constant, the Aether mass is reciprocal mass: it refers to the maximum mass a quantum Aether unit can contain, i.e., the capacity of Aether to produce gravitating effects.

It is also helpful to recognize the double-cardioid unit:

Since $m_a\cdot \mathrm{accl} = \mathrm{Gforce}$, Newton’s constant becomes:

Conductance Constant

The conductance constant is one of the most practical bridge-tests between APM/QMU and classical practice. In classical physics, most electrical units are built from single-dimension charge, while in APM/QMU electrical structure is built from distributed charge dimensions. This leads to a key reinterpretation: the classical reciprocal pairing of resistance and conductance is not the fundamental reciprocal pairing in APM/QMU. Instead, the more natural reciprocal relationship is between magnetic flux and conductance.

The comparison below is retained for continuity, but the “Classical Physics” column should be read as a dimensional cross-check rather than a primary definition (SI details omitted from main narrative by design).⁵

	Aether Physics Model	Classical Physics (dimensional cross-check)
Resistance	$resn = \frac{m_e {\lambda_C}^2 F_q}{{e_{emax}}^4}$	$R = \frac{kg\cdot m^2}{sec\cdot coul^2}$
Conductance	$cond = \frac{{e_{emax}}^2}{m_e {\lambda_C}^2 F_q}$	$G = \frac{sec\cdot coul^2}{kg\cdot m^2}$
Magnetic Flux	$mflx = \frac{m_e {\lambda_C}^2 F_q}{{e_{emax}}^2}$	$\lambda = \frac{kg\cdot m^2}{sec\cdot coul}$

Classical texts often present resistance as the reciprocal of conductance, but experiments do not reliably support a linear reciprocal relationship in important real measurement contexts (for example, electrodermal measurement).⁶

By contrast, there is evidence supporting a linear relationship between conductance and magnetic flux in specific settings (including flux leakage behavior in conductive walls).⁸ In modern nanoscale contexts, conductance quantization and conductance–flux interplay become particularly relevant, suggesting a natural experimental bridge from APM/QMU to measurable device physics.⁹

The deeper reason is visible directly from the QMU form: $resn$ carries charge to the fourth power, indicating a unit determined by two subatomic particles working against each other (distributed charge interaction), not merely a single-charge bookkeeping inversion.

The conductance constant is also a factor inside Coulomb’s constant (see \eqref{kC}). In QMU it is:

And equivalently:

This expression is one of the cleanest “geometry meets metrology” relations in the model: Aether conductance is magnetic charge per angular momentum. The same structural form holds for other stable subatomic particles:

Wherever magnetic charge appears, it is proportional to the mass embedded in the angular momentum that produces it, and therefore it is quantum. This makes conductance an essential constant for decoding magnetic charge, and magnetic charge is the gateway to understanding strong-force behavior, Van der Waals structure, Casimir structure, plasma effects, and more.

A particularly useful identity is:

and, with proton angular momentum:

A practical research opportunity follows immediately: if conductance is fundamental while “resistance reciprocity” is not, then any domain that treats resistance as the primary observable (without acknowledging conductance and flux structure) risks systematic interpretive error. This is not merely philosophical; it is a metrology risk.

Permeability Constant

The permeability constant is part of Coulomb’s constant and the magnetic constant. In QMU:

Note the universal mass-to-magnetic-charge ratio $\left(\dfrac{m_a}{{e_a}^2}\right)$. Any consistent particle ratio (electron, proton, neutron, Aether) can appear here because the ratio structure is universal.

Permeability is an Aether quality: it quantifies how the Aether unit “grabs” magnetic charge as it passes through. A useful analogy is water permeating cloth: flow is allowed, but drag is imposed. Permeability is the structured drag imposed by Aether geometry on magnetic charge transport.

Permittivity Constant

The permittivity constant is another component of Coulomb’s constant and the magnetic constant.

Aether permittivity (absolute) is commonly defined as the ratio of electric displacement to the electric force that produces it.¹⁰ In QMU terms, permittivity contains the full volume–resonance term (the double-cardioid), which can be read as the cavity structure in which subatomic particles reside. The cavity, combined with the mass-to-magnetic-charge ratio, defines a capacity for magnetic charge. Permittivity characterizes how magnetic charge fills that capacity.

The reciprocal placement of the volume–resonance term in \eqref{ptty} is not a defect; it is a clue that permittivity is naturally a capacity-like reciprocal partner within the Aether unit ledger. This is why $\mu_0$ and $\varepsilon_0$ lock together so tightly in propagation relations.

Planck’s Constant

Planck’s constant is often treated as a convenient constant that “appears everywhere.” But ubiquity is exactly what one should expect if $h$ is the primary angular momentum of the electron and the electron is the dominant actor in atomic radiation, bonding, specific heat behavior, and spectral structure.

A classic statement of this breadth is given by Lorentz (in Planck’s context), emphasizing that the same $h$ value arises from multiple independent phenomena.¹¹

Planck also emphasizes that if the quantum of action is real in thermodynamics, it must be felt in each individual emission/absorption process inside the atom—not merely as a statistical artifact.¹³

In QMU, “action” must be something’s action. The simplest candidate consistent with the phenomena is the electron, and the natural interpretation is that $h$ is the electron’s angular momentum.

(SI cross-check omitted from main text; see footnote.)¹⁵

This also clarifies the photon definition used in the model:

Light is then photons produced at a given frequency:

The advantage here is causal cleanliness: electrons are primary angular momentum; photons are the outward radiative expression of orbital transitions; energy is work per frame; and the constants become structured invariants rather than unexplained numerical coincidences.

Newton Gravitational Constant

Newton’s constant is double-cardioid per Aether mass. The Aether mass $m_a$ is the maximum mass that can be contained within an Aether unit: a capacity parameter (reciprocal-mass manifestation) rather than ordinary “lump mass.”

(SI cross-checks omitted from main text; see footnote.)¹⁶

Structurally, gravity mirrors electromagnetism in the ledger: Coulomb and magnetic constants represent a surface of distributed charge through which $\mathrm{Gforce}$ acts; the gravitational constant represents a surface of distributed mass through which the same $\mathrm{Gforce}$ acts. The difference is geometric: charge surfaces are dipole-like (stroke has forward/backward character), while mass is linear in its effective extension, yielding a different manifestation for attraction/repulsion depending on matter/anti-matter interactions in the model.

The surface for the gravitational constant is described by “reach”:

(SI cross-check omitted from main text; see footnote.)¹⁷

Then, in parallel to electrostatic/magnetic forms:

This also highlights a unification claim of the model: there is one force primitive, $\mathrm{Gforce}$, acting upon different distributed geometries (electrostatic charge, magnetic charge, mass) and appearing to perception as distinct forces. The “three forces” are then analogous to one object viewed through three filters.

Fine Structure Constants

Early investigation of fine structure discussions (including a web page by Dr. James G. Gilson) prompted a direct question: what is the physical cause of the fine structure constant? Many treatments are numerological; the APM/QMU approach forces a geometric cause. Gilson’s page is noted here because it historically triggered that investigation.¹⁸

NIST presents $\alpha$ in a standard form (given here for continuity and comparison):¹⁹

But in the Aether Physics Model, $\alpha$ is not “about permittivity.” It is about charge geometry: the proportion between spherical electrostatic charge and the equivalent spherical magnetic charge. In QMU:

The factor $8\pi$ is geometric, not arbitrary: it converts the half-spin steradian magnetic charge into the equivalent one-spin spherical geometry, balancing the comparison. What remains is precisely the fine structure: the proportion between electrostatic and equivalent spherical magnetic charges.

Unified Charge Equation for Electron

The same method applies to other stable matter:

Each stable subatomic particle then has its own fine-structure constant because each has its own angular momentum and magnetic charge geometry.

g-factor Constants

NIST presents the electron g-factor using:

and assigns values for $g_e$ and $\mu_e$ in its constant tables (SI cross-check omitted from main narrative; see footnote).²¹

In QMU, the core critique is structural: if $g$ is defined by $\mu$ while $\mu$ is simultaneously defined by $g$, then the framework does not explain the physical cause of either; it merely fits consistent numbers. The Aether Physics Model treats $g$ as an offset geometry parameter of the spin-position relative to the Aether geometry—something that should eventually be derivable from Aether structure rather than inserted as an empirical patch.

The model’s working expressions (presented as investigative, not final) note intriguing relations involving $\Phi$ and $\phi$ (golden ratio and its reciprocal) observed in cardioid/loxodrome geometry studies:

These relations are suggestive because they point toward a geometric cause (offset at poles, loxodrome phase, or spin-position bias). The work remains unfinished, but the program is clear: the g-factor should become a geometric output, not a floating constant.

The proportionality structure across particles also provides a sharp diagnostic:

Deviations from unity in neutron comparisons may be evidence that standard neutron moment/g assignments are not yet geometrically consistent, and therefore precision claims should be treated as precision within a possibly incomplete model rather than final truth about Aether structure.

To visualize the geometric intuition behind the g-factor investigation, consider the Compton-function geometry shown below, interpreted as photon/Aether paths viewed from the z-axis of time:

The “$\Phi$ triangle” construction shown in the text provides a concrete geometric scaffold for why $\Phi$ and $\phi$ might appear: in a unit triangle with $b=1$ and $a=\frac{1}{2}$, one finds $c+a=\Phi$ and $c-a=\phi$. Whether the sine of these composite quantities has a direct physical meaning remains open, but the presence of repeated geometric structure is exactly what one expects if $g$ is a geometry output.

Gyromagnetic Ratio

The gyromagnetic ratio becomes straightforward in QMU terms: it is the charge-to-mass interaction strength scaled by the spin offset parameter.

Converted to distributed charge:

Similarly:

The interpretive statement is consistent across particles: gyromagnetic ratio is electrostatic charge-to-mass coupling multiplied by the spin-position offset that produces precession.

Aether Pressure and Density

In any medium, wave velocity satisfies:

Since $c$ is known as a quantum invariant through $\lambda_C F_q$, QMU allows a direct derivation of Aether pressure and Aether mass density in ledger form. One may first write electron-referenced forms (useful for scaling intuition), then Aether-referenced forms (the true substrate capacity expressions).

(SI cross-checks omitted from main text; see footnote.)²²

For the Aether:

The magnitudes implied by $m_a$ can feel counterintuitive if interpreted as ordinary mass. But $m_a$ is reciprocal-mass in manifestation: it is the capacity of the Aether unit to contain mass, and thus the capacity to produce mass density and pressure. The analogy is direct: frequency is reciprocal time and relates to time without being “time itself”; likewise reciprocal mass relates to mass without being ordinary gravitating lump mass.

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1. Tesla Coil definition: “An air-core transformer that is used as a source of high-frequency power...” The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition (2003). ↩
2. SI cross-check (force unit): the earlier draft notes $\mathrm{forc}$ corresponds to approximately $0.034\,\mathrm{newton}$; SI is not used as a primary definition in QMU. ↩
3. SI cross-check (Gforce unit): the earlier draft notes $\mathrm{Gforce}$ corresponds to approximately $1.21\times 10^{44}\,\mathrm{newton}$; SI is not used as a primary definition in QMU. ↩
4. “INTERFERENCE. The variation of wave amplitude with distance or time, caused by the superposition of two or more waves.” Van Nostrand’s Scientific Encyclopedia (Van Nostrand, 1968), p. 887. ↩
5. The “Classical Physics” column is retained for dimensional comparison only; QMU definitions are primary in this text. ↩
6. For discussion context on electrodermal measurement issues, see the EDA paper cited in the next footnote. ↩
7. Stefan Schmidt and Harald Walach, “Electrodermal Activity (EDA) — State-of-the-Art Measurement and Techniques for Parapsychological Purposes,” The Journal of Parapsychology 64.2 (2000): 139. ↩
8. Fowler, C. M., Losses in magnetic flux compression generators: Part 2, Radiation losses, Los Alamos National Lab report LA-9956-MS-Pt.2 (1988-06-01). ↩
9. Frank, S., Poncharal, P., Wang, Z. L., & de Heer, W. A., “Carbon Nanotube Quantum Resistors,” Science 280 (1998): 1744–1746. Quoted result: “conductance quantum $G_0 = 2e^2/h$ ...” ↩
10. C. F. Tweney and L. E. C. Hughes (eds.), Chambers’s Technical Dictionary (W. & R. Chambers, 1958), p. 629. ↩
11. Source context: Max Planck, Where Is Science Going?, trans. James Murphy (Norton, 1932). ↩
12. Quotation attributed to Lorentz as reproduced in Max Planck, Where Is Science Going?, trans. James Murphy (Norton, 1932), pp. 26–27. ↩
13. Source context: Max Planck, Where Is Science Going?, trans. James Murphy (Norton, 1932). ↩
14. Planck on the quantum of action in atomic emission/absorption, Where Is Science Going?, trans. James Murphy (Norton, 1932), p. 59. ↩
15. SI cross-check (Planck constant): the earlier draft included the usual SI magnitude for $h$; QMU treats $h$ as $m_e{\lambda_C}^2F_q$ (electron angular momentum) as primary. ↩
16. SI cross-check (Newton’s constant): the earlier draft included standard SI forms for $G$; QMU treats $G={\lambda_C}^3{F_q}^2/m_a$ as primary. ↩
17. SI cross-check (reach): the earlier draft included a numerical SI expression for $\mathrm{Rch}$; QMU treats $\mathrm{Rch}={\lambda_C}^2/{m_a}^2$ as primary. ↩
18. James G. Gilson, “Fine Structure Constant,” historical page: http://www.maths.qmul.ac.uk/~jgg/page5.html. ↩
19. NIST definition context for $\alpha$: NIST Constants. ↩
20. NIST historical overview on constants/g-factor measurement context (non-expert introduction cited in the earlier draft): http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/Constants/historical3.html. ↩
21. SI cross-check (electron g-factor and magnetic moment): values are given in NIST constant tables; QMU discussion focuses on structural definitions rather than SI presentation. ↩
22. SI cross-check (pressure/density): the earlier draft included numerical SI magnitudes for electron-referenced and Aether-referenced density/pressure; QMU forms are primary here. ↩