Unified Force Theory

Previous researchers attempted to unify the fields associated with forces. This Unified Force Theory unifies the forces themselves.  With a proper understanding of the fundamental forces, the fields of the forces, and other properties associated with them, they can be unified using simple Newtonian physics.

Introduction to the Unified Force Theory

In our paper, A New Foundation for Physics, we provide a coherent and quantified Aether Physics Model (APM), which unites the forces, the Aether (environment), and matter. The Aether Physics Model further develops in our book, Secrets of the Aether. A key component of the Aether Physics Model is the mathematically correct Unified Force Theory, which is based upon two different manifestations of charges and assumes that all charge is always distributed (squared). We shall provide in this paper a more detailed analysis of the Unified Force Theory and show how the predicted relative strengths of the forces compare to the Standard Model (SM) predictions.

The Carriers of the Unified Force Theory

According to the Aether Physics Model, the dimension of subatomic particle mass is dependent upon the subatomic particle’s angular momentum. Subatomic particle mass always occurs within the quantum structure as a circular line (string) and moves perpendicular to its circumference. We can call the circular string of mass the Ligamen Circulatus (LC), and the moving ligamen circulatus we can call Primary Angular Momentum. When a quantum Aether unit does not encapsulate the ligamen circulatus, the LC exists as dark matter. The Aether's encapsulation of primary angular momentum converts the dark matter into the visible matter by imparting charges.

There are two distinct manifestations of charges, the electrostatic charge, and the magnetic charge. The electrostatic charge is a direct property of the Aether. When primary angular momentum is absorbed into an Aether unit, it acquires the electrostatic charge of the electrostatic dipole with which it is associated. Since the electrostatic charge is a property of the Aether, it has the same value regardless of whether it is associated with a negative electron or positive proton. The electrostatic charge has a spherical angle and one-spin geometry.

As the primary angular momentum spins within the five dimensions of the Aether structure, its interaction with the conductance of the Aether causes the phenomenon of magnetic charge. Unlike the Standard Model of Particle Physics, the magnetic charge of the Aether Physics Model is not a function of a moving electrostatic charge with point geometry. The magnetic charge has a surface area and takes the form of tubular cardioid geometry, which is geometrically equivalent to toroidal geometry. This toroidal magnetic charge shares the half-spin nature of the subatomic particle.

Within the Aether Physics Model, we use a new tool for analyzing quantum structures named Quantum Measurements Analysis. Quantum measurements analysis is similar to dimensional analysis, except that the dimensions are also associated with measured quantum quantities. Therefore, we can produce the following quantum measurements for our analysis of the forces:

The electrostatic force carrier of the Unified Force Theory has the value of the elementary charge squared. The magnetic charges of the electron, proton, and neutron are calculated from the subatomic particle's angular momentum times the Aether's conductance constant. Following the electron angular momentum structure, the proton and neutron angular momentum calculate as their mass times the Compton wavelength (quantum length) times the speed of light. Their values present as follows:

\[\begin{array}{l}
h = 6.626 \times {10^{ - 34}}\frac{{kg \cdot {m^2}}}{{sec}} \\
{h_p} = 1.217 \times {10^{ - 30}}\frac{{kg \cdot {m^2}}}{{sec}} \\
{h_n} = 1.218 \times {10^{ - 30}}\frac{{kg \cdot {m^2}}}{{sec}} \\
Cd = 2.112 \times {10^{ - 4}}siemens \\
\end{array} \tag{2.2}\]

Thus, the magnetic charges of the electron, proton, and neutron are equal to their angular momentum times the conductance of the Aether:

\[\begin{array}{l}
{e_{emax}}^2 = h \cdot Cd \\
{e_{pmax}}^2 = {h_p} \cdot Cd \\
{e_{nmax}}^2 = {h_n} \cdot Cd \\
\end{array} \tag{2.3}\]

Other key quantum constants, infamously known in the SM as “convenience constants,” present as Coulomb’s electrostatic constant, Newton’s gravitational constant, and the Compton wavelength (which is also the quantum length):

\[\begin{array}{l}
{k_C} = 8.988 \times {10^9}\frac{{kg \cdot {m^3}}}{{se{c^2} \cdot cou{l^2}}} \\
G = 6.673 \times {10^{ - 11}}\frac{{ \cdot {m^3}}}{{kg \cdot se{c^2}}} \\
{\lambda _C} = 2.426 \times {10^{ - 12}}m \\
\end{array} \tag{2.4}\]

Another new constant in the APM is the magnetic (strong) force constant, which also quantifies the quantum Aether unit. The quantum Aether unit also views as a quantum rotating magnetic field.

\[{A_u} = 16{\pi ^2} \cdot {k_C} = 1.419 \times {10^{12}}\frac{{kg \cdot {m^3}}}{{se{c^2} \cdot cou{l^2}}} \tag{2.5}\]

Discussion of the Forces

The electrostatic force in the Unified Force Theory is the same as the static “electromagnetic force” in the Standard Model. In the Aether Physics Model, the electrostatic charge shows specifically to have a spherical angle and one spin. Although the charges do not have inherently associated lengths, their distributed nature allows for distributed existence on surfaces. A positive and negative electrostatic charge resides separately in each half of the Aether unit, creating the Aether electrostatic dipole.

In addition to an electrostatic dipole, the Aether unit has four spin positions, one each for the electron, antiproton, proton, and positron. When primary angular momentum inhabits any of the spin positions, the angular momentum interacts with the conductance of the Aether to produce a magnetic charge. The magnetic charge has tubular loxodrome geometry in five dimensions of volume-resonance (three dimensions of length and two dimensions of frequency). The two frequency dimensions in volume-resonance are the frequency of forward/backward time and the frequency of the right/left spin direction. From our four-dimensional volume-time perspective, the magnetic charge has tubular cardioid geometry, which has a surface area mathematically equivalent to toroidal geometry. Since the angular momentum producing the magnetic charge only spins in the forward direction of time and either the right or left spin direction, the magnetic charge also has half spin. The magnetic charge produces north and south magnetic poles, creating the magnetic dipole of the subatomic particle.

Compared to the scanned surface of the magnetic charge, the ligamen circulatus, which contains the very small mass of the subatomic particle, appears orthogonal to the magnetic charge due to its perpendicular motion.

In the Unified Force Theory, the magnetic charge carries the magnetic force, which binds the subatomic particles in an atomic nucleus. In the Aether Physics Model, quarks are not small particles composing protons and neutrons, but rather quarks are the debris of broken subatomic particles as the Aether collapses and the encapsulated angular momentum of the visible matter spills back to the sea of dark matter.

Due to the movements of the LC within the toroidal geometry of the subatomic particles, when two protons or two neutrons bind together, their toroidal geometries shrink the major radius and expand the minor radius, which results in spherical geometry. While the subatomic particle is in its free state, the Aether unit force constant prevails over the toroidal geometry, but as two subatomic particles bind, the geometry shifts to spherical, and the Coulomb constant prevails as the force mediator constant. Therefore, the magnetic force can appear to have variable strength during the binding and unbinding processes.

In the APM, the neutron quantifies as a bound electron and proton, which has captured dark matter between the bound magnetic charges. The captured angular momentum contributes to the total angular momentum of the neutron while it is bound. When the electron and proton bind in a neutron, their north magnetic poles face each other. Thus, there is magnetic repulsion fighting against electrostatic attraction. The magnetic moments of the electron and proton in a neutron cause the distance between the electron and proton to vary in length and the angle between strong charges to vary. When the two magnetic moments synchronize such that the electron and proton push against each other with maximum effect, the distances between the electron and proton separate far enough for the electrostatic bond to break. The ratio of the electrostatic charge to magnetic charge is thus the so-called “weak force” or weak interaction. The relative strength of the force between the electrostatic and magnetic charges will vary depending on distance, charge angles, and charge geometry; hence, the weak interaction will have a great range of values, depending on the conditions.

Relative Strengths of the Force Carriers

In the Standard Model, the electrostatic (elementary) charge notates in a single charge dimension. All charges are notated in distributed dimensions (squared) in the Aether Physics Model. Therefore, when comparing the relative strengths of the force carriers, we need to consider the dimension notation differences. The magnetic force carrier for the proton and neutron compared to the electrostatic force carrier is:

\[\begin{array}{l}
\frac{{{e_{pmax}}}}{e} = 100.058 \\
\frac{{{e_{nmax}}}}{e} = 100.127 \\
\end{array} \tag{4.1}\]

Therefore, the magnetic force carrier is 100 times greater than the electrostatic force carrier (according to SM notation) but 10,000 times greater according to APM notation of charges. Yet because the force carriers are in single dimensions in the SM and distributed dimensions in the APM, the force carrier magnitudes in both expressions are equal:

\[{\sqrt {\frac{{{e_{pmax}}^2}}{{{e^2}}}} _{\left[ {APM} \right]}} = {\frac{{{e_{pmax}}}}{e}_{\left[ {SM} \right]}} \tag{4.2}\]

In the Unified Force Theory, the electrostatic charge relates to the magnetic charge by the unified charge equations:

Where \(\alpha\) is the electron fine structure constant, p is the proton fine structure constant, and n is the neutron fine structure constant. As the unified charge equations reveal, the spherical angle, one-spin electrostatic charge, equates to the steradian angle, half-spin magnetic charge multiplied by 2 to equate spin, and multiplied by \(4\pi \) to equate solid angles. The fine structure is the magnitude difference of the equivalent spherical angle, one-spin charges.

The proportion of the electrostatic charge to magnetic charge is the basis for the so-called weak interaction, or “weak force.”

\[\begin{array}{l}
\frac{{{e^2}}}{{{e_{emax}}^2}} = 8\pi \alpha = .183 \\
\frac{{{e^2}}}{{{e_{pmax}}^2}} = 8\pi p = 9.988 \times {10^{ - 5}} \\
\frac{{{e^2}}}{{{e_{nmax}}^2}} = 8\pi n = 9.975 \times {10^{ - 5}} \\
\end{array} \tag{4.4}\]

Therefore, the weak interaction of the proton and neutron has a magnitude of about 10^-2 compared to the electrostatic charge and 10^-6 compared to the magnetic charge in the Unified Force Theory.

When comparing the gravitational force acting on a nucleon to the strong force acting on a bound nucleon, we see:

\[\frac{{G\frac{{{m_p}^2}}{{{\lambda _C}^2}}}}{{{k_C}\frac{{{e_{pmax}}^2}}{{{\lambda _C}^2}}}} = 8.083 \times {10^{ - 41}} \tag{4.5}\]

The unification of gravity to the other forces occurs through angular momentum and electromagnetic charge. Due to the mass of a subatomic particle being inseparable from its angular momentum and the angular momentum essential to producing magnetic charge, there is a constant mass-to-magnetic charge ratio, which applies invariably across the physical Universe.

\[\frac{{{m_e}}}{{{e_{emax}}^2}} = \frac{{{m_p}}}{{{e_{pmax}}^2}} = \frac{{{m_n}}}{{{e_{nmax}}^2}} = \frac{{{m_a}}}{{{e_a}^2}} = 6.508 \times {10^6}\frac{{kg}}{{cou{l^2}}} \tag{4.6}\]

To put it concisely, the gravitational force is orthogonal to the magnetic force, and the quantum quantity of angular momentum contributing to the magnetic force is the same quantum quantity of angular momentum contributing to the gravitational force.

All three of the force constants \(\left( {{A_u},{k_C},G} \right)\) factor to a common Gforce. In the Unified Force Theory, the Gforce has the value:

\[Gforce = 1.210 \times {10^{44}}newton \tag{4.7}\]

The Gforce factors from the constants as:

\[\begin{array}{l}
{A_u} = Gforce\frac{{{\lambda _C}^2}}{{{e_a}^2}} \\
{k_C} = Gforce\frac{{{\lambda _C}^2}}{{16{\pi ^2} \cdot {e_a}^2}} \\
G = Gforce\frac{{{\lambda _C}^2}}{{{m_a}^2}} \\
\end{array} \tag{4.8}\]

where \({{e_a}^2}\) is the magnetic charge associated with the Aether and \({{m_a}}\) is the maximum mass limit associated with the Aether.

Standard Model Relative Strengths of the Forces

“Our job in physics is to see things simply, to understand a great many complicated phenomena in a unified way, in terms of a few simple principles.” – Steven Weinbergiv

Compared to the quantum structure of forces, environment, and matter provided by the Aether Physics Model, the Standard Model of Particle Physics is anything but simple. The APM contains four fundamental particles of matter (electron, proton, positron, antiproton) and two types of photons (electron/positron and proton/antiproton). The fundamental forces in the APM unify via the Gforce and obey simple Newtonian-type force equations, all matter quantifies as primary angular momentum, and the environment quantifies as a quantum rotating magnetic field.

The SM explains quantum structure in terms of a dozen fermions, a dozen bosons, and one type of photon. The forces explain in terms of complicated and dissimilar paradigms. Gravity equations relate curved volume-time tensors to mass/energy tensorsvii, of which neither volume-time curvature nor mass/energy are physical entities. Magnetic (strong) force counter-intuitively explains by imaginary particles called mesons, of which many different sizes have been “discovered.” Further, the mesons then compose of more fundamental forces named “strong color force.” Out of this has emerged the branch of physics called Quantum Chromodynamicsviii.

The so-called “weak nuclear force” does not express in terms of force but as a dimensionless numberix. Yet, massive particles called W± and Z bosons mediate this dimensionless number.

In the SM, a charge presents as a point particle. The fact that a point has zero dimensions means that force exchange particles would have infinite mass if calculated by the Heisenberg uncertainty principlex. This is unacceptable; the force carriers of the strong and weak forces had to be arbitrarily given different structures than point particles and thus assigned the necessary imaginary qualities.

To complicate things further, the SM only recognizes one charge manifestation, the electrostatic (elementary) chargexi. Thus, magnetic observations incorrectly explain in terms of moving electrostatic chargexii. Yet, it is apparent from observations of the electron through the Zeeman effect the electron has inherent magnetic dipolesxiii. If the electron has inherent magnetism, then how can electron magnetism be explained by moving charge when the electron is the charge carrier?

To illustrate the chaos of modern theories of quantum structure, let us look at the predictions of the relative strengths of the forces as determined in the SM compared to the Aether Physics Model. The table below represents seven different reputable sources of physics information. Each source predicts a different set of relative force strengths, and unfortunately, none of the sources reveals the exact math and method used to deduce the values.

Of particular note is using the electron fine structure constant as the relative strength of the electrostatic force. The relative strength of the electrostatic force is supposed to be concerning the magnetic force. Since there is no mathematical basis in the SM relating the electrostatic force to the magnetic force through the fine structure constant, the fine structure constant appears arbitrarily assigned. The above sources quantify the electron fine structure by its cgs units representation \({e^2}/\hbar c\), which only shrouds the situation in deeper mystery. According to SM authorities, h-bar and c are merely convenience constants, having no real physical representation. Furthermore, according to the SM, all charge expresses as a single dimension. There is no logic for squaring the SM elementary charge in showing the relative strength of the magnetic force to the electrostatic force.

Many having great success in physics have touted the SM. Yet, it has no unified force theory, and each force has a different method of force calculation because none of the force theories are mathematically consistent. The view of charges and quantum particles as points, which dictates by the Heisenberg uncertainty principle, further cripples the ability of the SM to unify the forces. For the claim of seeing complicated phenomena, the SM is grossly disjointed, incomplete, and inconsistent in its presentation.

Although the Aether Physics Model may seem complicated due to the many new paradigm shifts needed to view it, these shifts are necessary only because the SM exists as the “normal” view. The SM's complexity is disjointed, incomplete, and inconsistent. Once properly understood, the APM appears as a unified, complete description of the quantum structure and is self-consistent, making it a simple physics model yielding a proper Unified Force Theory.

Unified Force Theory Conclusion

According to the Unified Force Theory of the Aether Physics Model, the strong force mediates by a second type of charge, called magnetic charge. The magnetic charge quantifiably differs from the electrostatic charge in geometry, spin, and magnitude. When protons and neutrons bind, the toroidal geometry alters to a spherical geometry, thus invoking the Coulomb constant as the force mediator constant. Although capable of variations in force magnitude, the magnetic charge always maintains a constant mass-to-magnetic charge ratio. From these newly discovered physics principles, the Aether Physics Model properly computes the relative strengths of the forces.

Acknowledgment

We thank Dr. G. Hooper of Leicester UK for encouraging us to write this paper and Dr. Phil Risby of DES Group's suggestions.

References